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# Integration by parts

`Integration by parts` is a method to find integrals of products.

$$
\begin{align\*}
\text{Product Rule} &\rightarrow \text{Integration by Parts}
\ \\
\frac{d}{dx}\[f(x)g(x)] &= f^\prime(x)g(x) + f(x)g^\prime(x)
\ \\
f(x)g(x) &= \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx + \int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx &= \int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
&\Downarrow
\ \\
\int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
\int f(x)g^\prime(x)dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
\int x \cos{x} \cdot dx &=  x \sin{x} - \int 1 \sin{x} \cdot dx
\ \\
&= x \sin{x} - (-\cos{x} + C)
\ \\
&= x \sin{x} + \cos{x} - C
\ \\
&= x \sin{x} + \cos{x} + C
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
& \int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx = f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
\int (\ln{x}) dx = \int (\ln{x}) \cdot 1 dx &= \ln{x} \cdot x - \int \frac{1}{x} \cdot x dx
\ \\
&= \ln{x} \cdot x - x + C
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
\int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\ \ \\
\int x^2 e^x dx &= x^2 e^x - \int 2x e^x dx
\ \\
\int x^2 e^x dx &= x^2 e^x - 2\underline{\int x e^x dx}
\ \ \\
\underline{\int x e^x dx} &= x e^x - \int 1 e^x dx
\ \\
&= x e^x - e^x
\ \ \\
\int x^2 e^x dx &= x^2 e^x - 2(\underline{x e^x - e^x})
\ \\
&= x^2 e^x - 2x e^x + 2e^x
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
\int f(x)g^\prime(x) dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) dx
\ \ \\
\int e^x \cos{x} dx &= e^x \sin{x} - \underline{\int e^x \sin{x} dx}
\ \ \\
\underline{\int e^x \sin{x} dx} &= e^x (-\cos{x}) - \int e^x (-\cos{x}) dx
\ \\
&= - e^x \cos{x} + \int e^x \cos{x} dx
\ \ \\
\int e^x \cos{x} dx &= e^x \sin{x} - (\underline{- e^x \cos{x} + \int e^x \cos{x} dx})
\ \\
&= e^x \sin{x} + e^x \cos{x} - \int e^x \cos{x} dx
\ \\
2 \int e^x \cos{x} dx &= e^x \sin{x} + e^x \cos{x}
\ \\
\int e^x \cos{x} dx &= \frac{e^x \sin{x} + e^x \cos{x}}{2} + C
\end{align\*}
$$

`Integration by parts` is a method to find integrals of products.

$$
\begin{align\*}
\text{Product Rule} &\rightarrow \text{Integration by Parts}
\ \\
\frac{d}{dx}\[f(x)g(x)] &= f^\prime(x)g(x) + f(x)g^\prime(x)
\ \\
f(x)g(x) &= \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx + \int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx &= \int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
&\Downarrow
\ \\
\int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
\int f(x)g^\prime(x)dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
\int x \cos{x} \cdot dx &=  x \sin{x} - \int 1 \sin{x} \cdot dx
\ \\
&= x \sin{x} - (-\cos{x} + C)
\ \\
&= x \sin{x} + \cos{x} - C
\ \\
&= x \sin{x} + \cos{x} + C
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
& \int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx = f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\ \\
\int (\ln{x}) dx = \int (\ln{x}) \cdot 1 dx &= \ln{x} \cdot x - \int \frac{1}{x} \cdot x dx
\ \\
&= \ln{x} \cdot x - x + C
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
\int f(x)g^\prime(x) \cdot dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) \cdot dx
\ \ \\
\int x^2 e^x dx &= x^2 e^x - \int 2x e^x dx
\ \\
\int x^2 e^x dx &= x^2 e^x - 2\underline{\int x e^x dx}
\ \ \\
\underline{\int x e^x dx} &= x e^x - \int 1 e^x dx
\ \\
&= x e^x - e^x
\ \ \\
\int x^2 e^x dx &= x^2 e^x - 2(\underline{x e^x - e^x})
\ \\
&= x^2 e^x - 2x e^x + 2e^x
\end{align\*}
$$

$$
\begin{align\*}
\int f(x)g^\prime(x) dx &= f(x)g(x) - \int f^\prime(x)g(x) dx
\ \ \\
\int e^x \cos{x} dx &= e^x \sin{x} - \underline{\int e^x \sin{x} dx}
\ \ \\
\underline{\int e^x \sin{x} dx} &= e^x (-\cos{x}) - \int e^x (-\cos{x}) dx
\ \\
&= - e^x \cos{x} + \int e^x \cos{x} dx
\ \ \\
\int e^x \cos{x} dx &= e^x \sin{x} - (\underline{- e^x \cos{x} + \int e^x \cos{x} dx})
\ \\
&= e^x \sin{x} + e^x \cos{x} - \int e^x \cos{x} dx
\ \\
2 \int e^x \cos{x} dx &= e^x \sin{x} + e^x \cos{x}
\ \\
\int e^x \cos{x} dx &= \frac{e^x \sin{x} + e^x \cos{x}}{2} + C
\end{align\*}
$$

The priciple of `Integration by parts` is: whose derivative $$f^\prime$$ simpler, who's gonna be $$f(x)$$