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University Notes
  • Introduction
  • High Level Math
    • Function, limitation, and continuity
      • What is function?
      • Two kinds of infinity
      • The limitation of a function
      • A model for getting limitation
    • Derivative and differential
      • Formulas of derivative
      • Use derivative formula
      • Goes deeper
      • Use derivative
        • Function analyzing in theory
          • First derivative
          • Second derivative
          • Domain and Extreme Value
          • Overall change
        • Derivative use in reality
    • Integration
      • Indefinite integral
        • Basic formulas
        • Use formula
        • Goes deeper
        • Integration by parts
      • Definite integral
        • Properties of definite integral
        • Second fundamental theorem of calculus
        • Multi-method for solving definite integral
    • Multivariable calculus
      • Limitation
      • Partial derivatives
      • Differential
      • Multiple integral
    • Series
    • Linear algebra
    • GaoKao
      • 1
      • The road for starting
      • Polar Coordinates
      • Tangent Line
  • Electrical Engineering
    • The Terminologys
    • DC
      • The circuit rule
      • KCL and KVL
      • Superposition
    • AC
      • Intuition
      • Resistor
      • Inductor
      • Capacitor
      • AC circuit
      • 三相电
        • 星形联结
        • 三角形联结
        • 实际电路
    • Voltage and Current Rule in Circuit
    • Response
      • Foundations
      • 零输入响应
      • 零状态响应
      • 一阶电路的全响应
  • Analog Electronics
    • Technical terms 1
    • DC stable source circuit 的分析与应用
      • 二极管的特性与应用
        • 半导体
        • PN junction
        • Diode
        • 测试二极管
      • 整流滤波电路的分析与应用
        • Rectifier circuit
      • 直流稳压电路的分析
        • Zener diode
        • Shunt voltage regulators
    • Thyristor
    • Technical terms 2
    • Amplifying circuit
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor
      • Common Emitter Configuration
      • Biasing
      • Analysis
      • Mess
      • Negative-feedback amplifier
      • Integrated Operational Amplifier
    • Algorithms
      • What's the ouput of a voltage rectifier circuit
      • PNP or NPN
      • Judging the state of a BJT
      • What's common in BJT
      • Does a amplifying circuit normal
      • What's the feedback type
      • What kind of distortion you are encounter
  • Digital Electronic Technology
    • Logic Gate
    • Logic expressions
    • Karnaugh map
    • Number system
    • Multiplexer
    • Flip-flop
  • Principles of Communications
    • Overviews
    • PCM
    • HDB3
    • Modulations
    • Cyclic code
  • Data Communications and Networking
    • Something about IPv4
  • Micro Control System 51 Series
    • The Delay function
    • The Interrupt function
  • Maintenance of Railway Optical Cable Lines
    • Questions
    • Pictures
  • Mobile Communications
    • Concepts
    • Coding and Modulation
    • Key Technologies
    • Mobile communication network structure
    • Radio wave Propagation and Interference
    • GSM
    • CDMA
    • GPRS
    • 3G
    • 4G
    • Base Station Maintenance
  • Multimedia Communication
    • Concept of Multimedia
    • Compression
    • Lossless Compression
    • Audio
    • Lossy Audio Coding
    • Graph Compression
    • All for the exam
  • Power system for Communication Devices
    • Overview
    • AC power Distribution Panel
    • UPS
    • HF Switched-mode Power Supply
    • Battery
    • Earthing or Use Lightning Arrester
    • Power Supply Monitoring System
    • All for the exam
  • Optical fiber Communication system
    • What is Optical fiber Communication system
      • Prepare
      • Something About Optical fiber
      • Passive Optical Devices
      • Active Optical Devices
      • Optical transmitter Test
      • Optical receiver Test
      • Compose an Optical Communication System
    • SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
      • Frame Structure of SDH
      • SDH Equipments
      • Clock System
      • ZXONM E300 Practice
      • SDH protection
    • WDM (Wavelength-Division Multiplexing)
    • OTN (Optical Transport Network)
      • OverHead of OTN
      • OTN Alarms & Errors
      • Do it again, what's happened?
  • Communication Tech English
    • Fundamentals of Electricity
    • Digital Communications
    • Optical Communications
  • High-speed railway Communication Technology
    • Overview
    • Base Knowledge
    • FH98
    • MDS3400
    • Everything is for the exam
  • GSM for Railway
    • Overview
    • Wired Parts
    • Digital dispatch Communication System
    • Basic Knowledge of GSM-R
    • Key technologies for GSM-R
    • Structure of GSM-R
    • GSM-R Network Mode
    • Wireless Channels for GSM-R
    • Mobility Management
    • Connection Management
    • Security Management
    • GPRS
    • GSM-R/GPRS Wireless Access Platform
    • GSM-R Features
    • GSM-R Numbering Plan
    • ASCI
  • Network Configuration Training
    • Words I have learned
  • Broadband Access Technology
    • Using Copper Line
    • Using Optical Fiber
    • Wireless
    • All for the test
  • CIR
    • Basci Knowledge
    • Testing Equipment
    • The Structure of CIR
    • All for the exam
  • LTE
  • Script for ChaoXing
  • Transmission and access network
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  1. Optical fiber Communication system

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

Please read the book "The ComSoc Guide to Next Generation Optical Transport SDH, SONET, OTN" before you get started the following read.

通信网的发展历史(The history of communication network):

  1. PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

  2. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

  3. DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

  4. OTN (Optical Transport Network)

  5. PTN (Packet Transmission Network)

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

特点: 统一比特率、光接口，网管能力强，有充足的开销比特，采用同步复用，分插灵活。

STM-N: Synchronous Transport Module of level N

STM-1： 155 Ｍb/s

STM-4： 622 Ｍb/s

STM-16： 2488 Ｍb/s or 2.5Gbit/s

STM-64： 9953 Ｍb/s or 10Gbit/s

它被用在铁路等专网。(为了稳定，专用网络一般使用落后技术)

话说自从我学了这个专业，才发现网络不仅指The world wide network

  1. 最上面一横排是骨干层，由大型车站组成，使用OTN/DWDM，速度可达40x10G

  2. 第二排是汇聚层，由小型车站或铁路局组成，使用SDH，速度可达2.5G (STM-16)

  3. 最后一排以及各种圆圈是接入层，表示一段线路(因为线路上才有大量基站)，使用SDH，速度可达622 Mbit/s (STM-4)

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Last updated 5 years ago

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