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On this page
  • 话音编码
  • 抽样
  • 量化
  • 编码
  • 时分复用
  • 交换
  • 数字会议电路

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  1. GSM for Railway

Wired Parts

PreviousOverviewNextDigital dispatch Communication System

Last updated 6 years ago

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GSM-R 中包含有线通信: FAS(Fixed Access Switcher)设备

话音编码

本质: 声波 -> 电波

过程: 抽样、量化、编码

抽样

原则(Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem): fs>2Bf_s > 2Bfs​>2B。为了有效表示原信号,采样频率应大于原信号频率的两倍

人类话音频率为0.3~3.4kHz,所以语音采样频率应>=3.4×2=6.8kHz语音采样频率应 >= 3.4 \times 2 = 6.8 kHz语音采样频率应>=3.4×2=6.8kHz

目前PCM(Pulse Code Modulation)实际采样频率为8000Hz,即每秒采样8000次

所以 抽样间隔=1s8000=125μs抽样间隔 = \frac{1s}{8000} = 125 \mu s抽样间隔=80001s​=125μs

量化

本质: 无限细分值变为有限值

目前采用非均匀量化(A律13折线法),因为均匀量化后小信号的误差大

编码

非均匀量化 -> 非线性编码

均匀量化 -> 线性编码

线性: 一个一元一次方程可表示的方程

非线性: 你不能用一个一元一次方程表示的关系,比如一串复杂的代码

时分复用

本质: 在一个传输通道上传输多个话路信息

时隙的概念类似于轮流使用一条线路,由时间的先后来区分出不同

帧 = frame = 某种传输单元,事物的最小单位

一个时隙 = 8 bit

交换

程控交换: S接线器 or T接线器 or TST接线器

T接线器: 同一线路,不同时隙 | 本质为存储器,截留、存储、再发送

S接线器: 不同线路,同一时隙 | 阵列开关

TST: T 与 S 接线器混用,用于不同线,不同时隙

交换机的构成:

  • 交换网络(T、S、TST)

  • 接口: 用户接口 + 中继接口(连接其他交换机)

  • 控制系统(CPU、存储器等)

固定电话由交换机供电

固话呼叫处理过程:

  1. 呼叫接续: 拿起话筒

  2. 接收地址信息: 拨号

  3. 数字分析: 交换机分析所拨电话的去向

  4. 路由选择: 找连接交换机与交换机的路

  5. 通路选择: 建立路

  6. 振铃: 对方电话响了

  7. 应答监视: 对方接了电话

  8. 通话和释放监视: 停止响铃,进入通话状态

  9. 话终释放: 挂了电话

数字会议电路

定义: 三个及以上用户以全双工方式会议 (谁在说话时都能听到对方的语音)

实质上是 FAS 上的一个模块 (属于资源模块)

原理: PCM编码 -> 模拟信号(正弦波)相加 -> 再进行PCM编码

PCM30/32将一帧125μs125 \mu s125μs分为了32个时隙

32路PCM的传送码率=8000×32×8=2048 kbit/s=2 Mbit/s32路PCM的传送码率 = 8000 \times 32 \times 8 = 2048\ kbit/s = 2\ Mbit/s32路PCM的传送码率=8000×32×8=2048 kbit/s=2 Mbit/s

每一路(用户)的传送码率: 2048÷32=64 kbit/s2048 \div 32 = 64\ kbit/s2048÷32=64 kbit/s,共30个用户,另外两个是信令