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University Notes
  • Introduction
  • High Level Math
    • Function, limitation, and continuity
      • What is function?
      • Two kinds of infinity
      • The limitation of a function
      • A model for getting limitation
    • Derivative and differential
      • Formulas of derivative
      • Use derivative formula
      • Goes deeper
      • Use derivative
        • Function analyzing in theory
          • First derivative
          • Second derivative
          • Domain and Extreme Value
          • Overall change
        • Derivative use in reality
    • Integration
      • Indefinite integral
        • Basic formulas
        • Use formula
        • Goes deeper
        • Integration by parts
      • Definite integral
        • Properties of definite integral
        • Second fundamental theorem of calculus
        • Multi-method for solving definite integral
    • Multivariable calculus
      • Limitation
      • Partial derivatives
      • Differential
      • Multiple integral
    • Series
    • Linear algebra
    • GaoKao
      • 1
      • The road for starting
      • Polar Coordinates
      • Tangent Line
  • Electrical Engineering
    • The Terminologys
    • DC
      • The circuit rule
      • KCL and KVL
      • Superposition
    • AC
      • Intuition
      • Resistor
      • Inductor
      • Capacitor
      • AC circuit
      • 三相电
        • 星形联结
        • 三角形联结
        • 实际电路
    • Voltage and Current Rule in Circuit
    • Response
      • Foundations
      • 零输入响应
      • 零状态响应
      • 一阶电路的全响应
  • Analog Electronics
    • Technical terms 1
    • DC stable source circuit 的分析与应用
      • 二极管的特性与应用
        • 半导体
        • PN junction
        • Diode
        • 测试二极管
      • 整流滤波电路的分析与应用
        • Rectifier circuit
      • 直流稳压电路的分析
        • Zener diode
        • Shunt voltage regulators
    • Thyristor
    • Technical terms 2
    • Amplifying circuit
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor
      • Common Emitter Configuration
      • Biasing
      • Analysis
      • Mess
      • Negative-feedback amplifier
      • Integrated Operational Amplifier
    • Algorithms
      • What's the ouput of a voltage rectifier circuit
      • PNP or NPN
      • Judging the state of a BJT
      • What's common in BJT
      • Does a amplifying circuit normal
      • What's the feedback type
      • What kind of distortion you are encounter
  • Digital Electronic Technology
    • Logic Gate
    • Logic expressions
    • Karnaugh map
    • Number system
    • Multiplexer
    • Flip-flop
  • Principles of Communications
    • Overviews
    • PCM
    • HDB3
    • Modulations
    • Cyclic code
  • Data Communications and Networking
    • Something about IPv4
  • Micro Control System 51 Series
    • The Delay function
    • The Interrupt function
  • Maintenance of Railway Optical Cable Lines
    • Questions
    • Pictures
  • Mobile Communications
    • Concepts
    • Coding and Modulation
    • Key Technologies
    • Mobile communication network structure
    • Radio wave Propagation and Interference
    • GSM
    • CDMA
    • GPRS
    • 3G
    • 4G
    • Base Station Maintenance
  • Multimedia Communication
    • Concept of Multimedia
    • Compression
    • Lossless Compression
    • Audio
    • Lossy Audio Coding
    • Graph Compression
    • All for the exam
  • Power system for Communication Devices
    • Overview
    • AC power Distribution Panel
    • UPS
    • HF Switched-mode Power Supply
    • Battery
    • Earthing or Use Lightning Arrester
    • Power Supply Monitoring System
    • All for the exam
  • Optical fiber Communication system
    • What is Optical fiber Communication system
      • Prepare
      • Something About Optical fiber
      • Passive Optical Devices
      • Active Optical Devices
      • Optical transmitter Test
      • Optical receiver Test
      • Compose an Optical Communication System
    • SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
      • Frame Structure of SDH
      • SDH Equipments
      • Clock System
      • ZXONM E300 Practice
      • SDH protection
    • WDM (Wavelength-Division Multiplexing)
    • OTN (Optical Transport Network)
      • OverHead of OTN
      • OTN Alarms & Errors
      • Do it again, what's happened?
  • Communication Tech English
    • Fundamentals of Electricity
    • Digital Communications
    • Optical Communications
  • High-speed railway Communication Technology
    • Overview
    • Base Knowledge
    • FH98
    • MDS3400
    • Everything is for the exam
  • GSM for Railway
    • Overview
    • Wired Parts
    • Digital dispatch Communication System
    • Basic Knowledge of GSM-R
    • Key technologies for GSM-R
    • Structure of GSM-R
    • GSM-R Network Mode
    • Wireless Channels for GSM-R
    • Mobility Management
    • Connection Management
    • Security Management
    • GPRS
    • GSM-R/GPRS Wireless Access Platform
    • GSM-R Features
    • GSM-R Numbering Plan
    • ASCI
  • Network Configuration Training
    • Words I have learned
  • Broadband Access Technology
    • Using Copper Line
    • Using Optical Fiber
    • Wireless
    • All for the test
  • CIR
    • Basci Knowledge
    • Testing Equipment
    • The Structure of CIR
    • All for the exam
  • LTE
  • Script for ChaoXing
  • Transmission and access network
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  • SDH光接口代码
  • SDH网管
  • 网管接口
  • 网络管理层(从下至上)
  • SDH elements(node)(网元)
  • 1. 终端复用器
  • 2. 分插复用器(ADM, Add-drop multiplexer)
  • 3. 数字交叉连接器(DXC, Digital cross connect system)
  • 4. 再生中继器(GEG, Regenerator)
  • SDH 设备的线路板
  • 1. 光线路传输板
  • 2. 电业务支路板

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  1. Optical fiber Communication system
  2. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

SDH Equipments

单台机器大约占地19英寸: 60x60 cm

然后有很多板子:

  • NCP(网元控制板)。网元=网络单元,属于网络中的一个个体,你把它理解为一台计算机(Server)也没有问题。

  • Qx Interface。可接电源。

  • CS板(时钟交换板): clock and swicth

  • OW: 公务板

配ip: 192.168.1.18。第三个才是主机标识,与正常ip网不一样。

SDH光接口代码

应用类型-STM等级.尾标数,如V-16.2

  1. 类型

    • I: 局内通信,< 2km

    • S: 短距离局间,2-40km

    • L: 长距离局间,40-80km

    • V: 超长距离局间,80-120km

    • U: 甚长距离局间,120-160km

  2. STM等级

    • 1: STM-1, 155Mbit/s

    • 4: STM-4, 622Mbit/s

    • 16: STM-16, 2488Mbit/s or 2.5Gbit/s

    • 64: STM-64, 9953Mbit/s

  3. 尾标

    • 1: 1310nm,G652

    • 2: 1550nm,G652或G654

    • 3: 1550nm, G653

    • 5: 1550nm, G655

SDH网管

网管接口

  • F

  • X

  • Q: 其中Qx只包含OSI的下三层功能

网络管理层(从下至上)

网元层、网元管理层、网络管理层、业务管理层、商务管理层

SDH elements(node)(网元)

1. 终端复用器

复用器 = Multiplexer

它的作用是将支路端口的低速信号复用到线路端口的高速信号STM-N中,或从STM-N的信号中分出低速的支路信号。

值得注意的是,它的线路端口只输入/输出一路STM-N信号,而支路端口却可以输出/输入多路低速支路信号。

2. 分插复用器(ADM, Add-drop multiplexer)

它用于SDH传输网络的转接站点,例如链路的中间结点。它是一个三端口的器件。

两侧是高速信号,下面是低速信号。

3. 数字交叉连接器(DXC, Digital cross connect system)

它完成的主要是STM-N信号的交叉连接功能,是一个多端口器件。

它实际上相当于一个交叉矩阵,完成各个信号间的交叉连接

DXC的配置类型通常采用DXC m/n,其中m表示光纤 接入端口的最高速率等级,n表示同轴电线 交叉连接中的最低速率等级

具体的速率需要查表:

4. 再生中继器(GEG, Regenerator)

如果上一层光纤线路传输的距离比较长,这时候就需要一个再生中继器对光信号进行放大,然后再送到下一段光纤。

功能:放大、整形、定时提取。

SDH 设备的线路板

1. 光线路传输板

  • OL64板有1 个 STM-64 光接口

  • OL16板有1 个 STM-16 光接口

  • OL4板有4 个 STM-4 光接口

  • OL1板有8 个 STM-1 光接口

2. 电业务支路板

  • EPE1板有63 个 2M 电接口。

    E1: 2M bit/s

  • EPE3板有6 个 34M 电接口。

    E3: 34M bit/s

  • SEC板有8 个 10M or 100M 电接口,1 个 1000M 电接口。

    ETH: 10M bit/s。FE: 100M bit/s。 GE: 1000M bit/s

这些电接口连接的是同轴线。注意,这里的E1、E3、ETH都不是指以太网,只是套用了以太网的速率标准。

References:

PreviousFrame Structure of SDHNextClock System

Last updated 5 years ago

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/31930140