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University Notes
  • Introduction
  • High Level Math
    • Function, limitation, and continuity
      • What is function?
      • Two kinds of infinity
      • The limitation of a function
      • A model for getting limitation
    • Derivative and differential
      • Formulas of derivative
      • Use derivative formula
      • Goes deeper
      • Use derivative
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          • First derivative
          • Second derivative
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      • Indefinite integral
        • Basic formulas
        • Use formula
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    • Multivariable calculus
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    • GaoKao
      • 1
      • The road for starting
      • Polar Coordinates
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  • Electrical Engineering
    • The Terminologys
    • DC
      • The circuit rule
      • KCL and KVL
      • Superposition
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      • 三相电
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      • 零输入响应
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  • Analog Electronics
    • Technical terms 1
    • DC stable source circuit 的分析与应用
      • 二极管的特性与应用
        • 半导体
        • PN junction
        • Diode
        • 测试二极管
      • 整流滤波电路的分析与应用
        • Rectifier circuit
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        • Zener diode
        • Shunt voltage regulators
    • Thyristor
    • Technical terms 2
    • Amplifying circuit
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor
      • Common Emitter Configuration
      • Biasing
      • Analysis
      • Mess
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      • Integrated Operational Amplifier
    • Algorithms
      • What's the ouput of a voltage rectifier circuit
      • PNP or NPN
      • Judging the state of a BJT
      • What's common in BJT
      • Does a amplifying circuit normal
      • What's the feedback type
      • What kind of distortion you are encounter
  • Digital Electronic Technology
    • Logic Gate
    • Logic expressions
    • Karnaugh map
    • Number system
    • Multiplexer
    • Flip-flop
  • Principles of Communications
    • Overviews
    • PCM
    • HDB3
    • Modulations
    • Cyclic code
  • Data Communications and Networking
    • Something about IPv4
  • Micro Control System 51 Series
    • The Delay function
    • The Interrupt function
  • Maintenance of Railway Optical Cable Lines
    • Questions
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  • Mobile Communications
    • Concepts
    • Coding and Modulation
    • Key Technologies
    • Mobile communication network structure
    • Radio wave Propagation and Interference
    • GSM
    • CDMA
    • GPRS
    • 3G
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    • Base Station Maintenance
  • Multimedia Communication
    • Concept of Multimedia
    • Compression
    • Lossless Compression
    • Audio
    • Lossy Audio Coding
    • Graph Compression
    • All for the exam
  • Power system for Communication Devices
    • Overview
    • AC power Distribution Panel
    • UPS
    • HF Switched-mode Power Supply
    • Battery
    • Earthing or Use Lightning Arrester
    • Power Supply Monitoring System
    • All for the exam
  • Optical fiber Communication system
    • What is Optical fiber Communication system
      • Prepare
      • Something About Optical fiber
      • Passive Optical Devices
      • Active Optical Devices
      • Optical transmitter Test
      • Optical receiver Test
      • Compose an Optical Communication System
    • SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
      • Frame Structure of SDH
      • SDH Equipments
      • Clock System
      • ZXONM E300 Practice
      • SDH protection
    • WDM (Wavelength-Division Multiplexing)
    • OTN (Optical Transport Network)
      • OverHead of OTN
      • OTN Alarms & Errors
      • Do it again, what's happened?
  • Communication Tech English
    • Fundamentals of Electricity
    • Digital Communications
    • Optical Communications
  • High-speed railway Communication Technology
    • Overview
    • Base Knowledge
    • FH98
    • MDS3400
    • Everything is for the exam
  • GSM for Railway
    • Overview
    • Wired Parts
    • Digital dispatch Communication System
    • Basic Knowledge of GSM-R
    • Key technologies for GSM-R
    • Structure of GSM-R
    • GSM-R Network Mode
    • Wireless Channels for GSM-R
    • Mobility Management
    • Connection Management
    • Security Management
    • GPRS
    • GSM-R/GPRS Wireless Access Platform
    • GSM-R Features
    • GSM-R Numbering Plan
    • ASCI
  • Network Configuration Training
    • Words I have learned
  • Broadband Access Technology
    • Using Copper Line
    • Using Optical Fiber
    • Wireless
    • All for the test
  • CIR
    • Basci Knowledge
    • Testing Equipment
    • The Structure of CIR
    • All for the exam
  • LTE
  • Script for ChaoXing
  • Transmission and access network
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  • GSM-R 关键技术
  • 一、调制
  • 二、分集接收
  • 三、信道均衡
  • 四、话音的间断传输(话音激活技术)
  • 五、话音编码
  • Question and Answer
  • 简述 信道均衡的作用、原理

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  1. GSM for Railway

Key technologies for GSM-R

GSM-R 关键技术

一、调制

调制采用GMSK技术: Gaussian minimum-shift keying,高斯最小频移键控

二、分集接收

1. 分集原理

克服多徑衰落,改进无线通信的性能

2. 类型

宏分集: "多个基站"传输同一信号

微分集:

  1. 空间分集: 多副接收天线

  2. 极化分集: 两副互相垂直的天线发射信号

  3. 时间分集: 不同时间发送同一信号

  4. 频率分集: 不同频率发送同一信号

三、信道均衡

目的: 克服码间干扰。(码间干扰是多徑效应造成的。多径效应是衰落的具体表现。)

原理: 训练序列已知。由接收到的训练序列,提取畸变、衰减特征。根据某种算法,再由此特征,纠正、解码其他未知的信息。

分类:

  • 线性均衡器

  • 非线性均衡器 (用于无线信道,如判决反馈均衡器(DFE)、ML序列检测器)

四、话音的间断传输(话音激活技术)

DTX(Discontinuous transmission): 讲话时,话音编码; 不讲话,低速编码

目的:

  1. 降低空中干扰,提高系统效率与容量

  2. 减少移动台的耗电量

技术:

  • 话音激活检测: 有一个阈值,用来区分话音与噪声。(安卓上使用aplitude来度量声音,苹果上使用dB)

  • 舒适噪声: 在发信机关闭前,提取发端噪声的特征参数,在发端不说话时,发给对方

五、话音编码

模拟的话音信号转化为数字信号

  • 波形编码

  • 参量、声源编码

  • 混合编码 (被无线通信使用)

GSM-R 采用规则脉冲激励长期预测编码(RPE-LTP),速率为13kbit/s13 kbit/s13kbit/s

PCM编码,速率为64kbit/s64kbit/s64kbit/s

Question and Answer

简述 信道均衡的作用、原理

作用: 克服码间干扰。(码间干扰是多徑效应造成的。多径效应是衰落的具体表现。)

原理: 训练序列已知。由接收到的训练序列,提取畸变、衰减特征。根据某种算法,再由此特征,纠正、解码其他未知的信息。

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