# Frame Structure of SDH

![](https://2889346953-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-Le4Kw7maZEabKFjsC7z%2F-Lf5hWWAPXrS6pkg310z%2F-Lf5hgDY9hMwWBc3a9Co%2FSTM-N%20structure.png?generation=1558112038135320\&alt=media)

![](https://2889346953-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-Le4Kw7maZEabKFjsC7z%2F-Lf5hWWAPXrS6pkg310z%2F-Lf5hgD_p9hFJcA7L3UK%2FSTM-1%E5%B8%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84.png?generation=1558112038728954\&alt=media)

> 这个图你得会画
>
> STM-4，N=4

STM-1 速率: $$9 \times 270 \times 1 \times 8(bit/s) \times 8000(frame/s) = 155 Mbit/s$$

STM-4 速率: $$9 \times 270 \times 4 \times 8(bit/s) \times 8000(frame/s) = 622 Mbit/s$$

...

它们的帧周期都是 $$125\mu s$$

STM-N帧由`270*N列`和`9行`字节组成。

SDH帧结构: 段开销、信息净负荷和管理单元指针。

* 信息净负荷(payload): 用来传各种业务信息
* 段开销: 传附加字节，用来维持网络运行，方便管理、维护

传输方式: 从左到右，从上到下

OH(overhead): 开销，overhead cost or expense.

RSOH(Regeneration Section Overhead): 再生段开销

AU4P(AU-4 Pointers)(Administrative Unit Group of level 4 Pointers): 管理单元指针

MSOH(Multiplex Section Overhead): 复用段开销

净负荷 | 有效载荷: payload

> 你可以试着理解一下，但维基百科上都没写清楚，似乎不需要你理解

## THE SDH `MULTIPLEX SECTION`( MS n ) TRANSPORT LAYER

The MSn layer, where n denotes the multiplex level 1, 4, 16, 64 or 256.

The `multiplex section` specific OverHead (MS-OH) is used to transfer OAM information.

> OAM(Operations, administration and management)

## THE SDH `REGENERATOR SECTION`( RS n ) LAYER

It has dedicated `Regenerator Section OverHead (RS-OH)` to provide the capability to check the connectivity, monitor the performance, and communicate with the regenerators located between two network elements.

`Forward Error Correction (FEC)` can be used to correct bit errors that occur due to the extended range of the optical signals.

![](https://2889346953-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-Le4Kw7maZEabKFjsC7z%2F-Lf5hWWAPXrS6pkg310z%2F-Lf5hgDbPrEdE55Uc6uq%2FSTM-1%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%B5%E5%BC%80%E9%94%80%E5%AD%97%E8%8A%82.png?generation=1558112038520628\&alt=media)

`STM-N`有 $$3 \times N$$个`A1`，`A1`连续排列

`STM-N`有 $$N$$个`E1`，`E1`连续排列

## 定帧字节: A1 和 A2

> A1 and A2 for frame alignment

用来判定`STM-*`，以及识别一帧的起始位置。

如果连续5帧都搜不到A1、A2，将产生`R OOF(报警)`，持续3ms后，又会产生`LOF(loss of frame 报警)`，此时它会向`下游设备`发送全”1“信号。`下游设备`如果接收到全`1`，会产生`AIS(报警)`

## 再生段追踪字节: J0

> J0 for identification

...

## 数据通信通路(Data Communication Channel)字节: D1\~D12

> D1 ... D3 and D4 ... D12 provide data communication channels

传输网管信息(OAM, Operations, administration and management)

## 公务联络字节: E1、E2

> E1 and E2 are engineer order wires

提供 1 个 64kb/s 的数字电话通路

## 使用者通路字节: F1

> F1 is a user channel

...

## 奇偶效验字节: B1、B2

> B1 and B2 for performance monitoring

B1 用于监测`再生段`

B2 用于监测`复用段`

## 自动保护倒换(APS, Auto protection switching)字节: K1、K2

> K1 and K2 for `protection switching control` and `remote defect indication`

属于`自愈环技术`(`后路`不通，自动走`前路`)

切换时间 < 50 ms

> 这里的`multiplex section remote defect indication` = `复用段远端接收缺陷指示` = MS-RDI

## 同步状态字节: S1

> S1 for synchronization status

## 复用段远端误码块指示字节: M1

> M1 for remote error indication
>
> 这里的`multiplex section remote error indication` = MS-REI

## 通道开销 分为

* 高阶通道开销(HP-POH)
* 低阶通道开销(LP-POH)

> 开销 = additional bytes
>
> POH属于净负荷(payload)

Reference:

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM-1>