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  • 光纤的结构
  • 光纤导光原理
  • 光纤分类
  • 1. 按波长
  • 2. 按模式
  • 3. 按折射率
  • 光纤的损耗
  • OTDR 背向散射曲线
  • 色散
  • 光纤接合
  • 活动连接器种类
  • 插拔注意事项
  • 光纤接入损耗

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  1. Optical fiber Communication system
  2. What is Optical fiber Communication system

Something About Optical fiber

光纤的结构

从内到外,纤芯(core)、包层(cladding)、涂覆层(buffer coating)

折射率: 纤芯(n1n_1n1​) > 包层(n2n_2n2​)

包层直径统一为125μm125 \mu m125μm

纤芯为65μm或9μm65 \mu m 或 9 \mu m65μm或9μm

溶接需去包层

实际导通率以 OTDR(Optical time-domain reflectometer) 为准

光纤导光原理

反射(镜面对称)、折射(光入水)

全反射: 没有折射,只有反射

空气到纤芯有一定折射

光源入射角越小越好

数值孔徑=NA=sin⁡(θmax)=n12−n22\begin{align*} 数值孔徑 = NA = \sin(\theta_{max}) = \sqrt{ {n_1}^2 - {n_2}^2 } \end{align*}数值孔徑=NA=sin(θmax​)=n1​2−n2​2​​

数值孔徑表示光纤接收入射光的能力。太大会产生色散(变成多模),影响传输。

θmax{\theta}_{max}θmax​ 表示最大入射角

  • 不要直视激光

  • 溶接时,数值孔徑需一致(同厂家、型号、批次)

光纤分类

1. 按波长

  • 短波: λ=850nm\lambda = 850 nmλ=850nm | 短距离通信

  • 长波: λ=1310nm\lambda = 1310 nmλ=1310nm or λ=1550\lambda = 1550λ=1550

2. 按模式

  • 单模(SMF)(Single-Mode Fiber)

  • 多模(MMF)(Multi-Mode Fiber)

归一化频率=V=2πλ⋅a⋅n12−n22归一化频率 = V = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \cdot a \cdot \sqrt{ {n_1}^2 - {n_2}^2 }归一化频率=V=λ2π​⋅a⋅n1​2−n2​2​

a=纤芯半径a = 纤芯半径a=纤芯半径,λ=光源波长\lambda = 光源波长λ=光源波长

如果V>2.405V > 2.405V>2.405,多模

如果V<2.405V < 2.405V<2.405,单模 ⇒\Rightarrow⇒ λ>2π2.405⋅a⋅NA=单模传输的截止波长\lambda > \frac{2 \pi}{2.405} \cdot a \cdot NA = 单模传输的截止波长λ>2.4052π​⋅a⋅NA=单模传输的截止波长

单、双模划分取决于波长

多模会产生模式色散,降低传输容量(速率),只适合短距离通信

色散: 在光学中,将复色光分解成单色光的过程,叫光的色散; 单色光为红,绿,蓝“三原色”

单模芯徑一定细(9μm9 \mu m9μm),细的不一定单模

多模芯徑一定粗(65μm65 \mu m65μm),粗的不一定单模

3. 按折射率

以下皆指 光纤到包层 的折射率变化

  • 阶跃型

  • 渐变型: 可以减少色散

光纤的损耗

P0=2mW=10⋅lg⁡2mW1mW=3 dBmP_0 = 2mW = 10 \cdot \lg\frac{2mW}{1mW} = 3\ dBmP0​=2mW=10⋅lg1mW2mW​=3 dBm

P1=0.5mW=10⋅lg⁡0.5mW1mW=−3 dBmP_1 = 0.5mW = 10 \cdot \lg\frac{0.5mW}{1mW} = -3\ dBmP1​=0.5mW=10⋅lg1mW0.5mW​=−3 dBm

P 是光功率

A=P0−P1=6 dBA = P_0 - P_1 = 6\ dBA=P0​−P1​=6 dB ce shi 或

A=10⋅lg⁡2mW0.5mW=10⋅lg⁡4=6 dBA = 10 \cdot \lg\frac{2mW}{0.5mW} = 10 \cdot \lg4 = 6\ dBA=10⋅lg0.5mW2mW​=10⋅lg4=6 dB

A 是光纤损耗

OTDR 背向散射曲线

中继段光纤的总损耗用光源、光功率计测试

导通率用 OTDR(Optical time-domain reflectometer) 测试

OTDR 测试时,对端必须断开

OTDR 会测出距离,如果不等于 expected length,那说明光纤(在中途)断了

OTDR图,左高右低的尖峰是由于使用活动连接器,面对空气有(菲淣尔)反射,最后一个尖峰是断点(断点也面对空气),末尾的密集波形为噪声

单纯的下降台阶可能是因为溶接口没接好 or 光纤过度弯折

色散

  • 模式色散: only for MMF (只有多模光纤有)

  • 色度色散: 材料色散 + 波导色散(<0)

色散和 = 各种色散值相加

光纤接合

活动连接器种类

两端连接器插头采用不同类型或不同端面的跳线,称为跳纤。

插拔注意事项

使用酒精棉球,湿了就好

插拔连接器,拿金属部分或方形塑料

光纤适配器不用时,戴上防尘帽

光纤接入损耗

10⋅lg⁡P入P出≤0.5 dB10 \cdot \lg\frac{P_入}{P_出} \leq 0.5\ dB10⋅lgP出​P入​​≤0.5 dB

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