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  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. AC

三相电

PreviousAC circuitNext星形联结

Last updated 6 years ago

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三相XX所形成的一个体系就是三相制,它是由三个频率和振幅相同、相位互差 90∘{90}^\circ90∘ 的正弦交流同时供电的系统。(由于三个电源的唯一不同点是相位,我们用这个不同点为它命名,所以叫它“三相”)

我国电力系统的供电方式几乎全是三相制。(至于为何用三个电源而不是用其他个数,大概是“三”符合三角形稳定结构吧)

前面说了,三相交流电由三个交流电源组成,于是它有正负极三对接口,分别为 AXAXAX、BYBYBY、CZCZCZ,其中 AAA、BBB、CCC 为正极, XXX、YYY、ZZZ 为负极

假设上图的转盘通过转动产生电力,转速不变,对每个电源来讲,频率相同,但由于每根电源线(或绕组)之间相差 120∘{120}^\circ120∘,这使得它们发电的先后顺序有了差别,即相位互差 120∘{120}^\circ120∘

以电压为例,如果我们写出它们各自的完全交流电表达式,它将会是这样:

UA=Umaxsin⁡wtUB=Umaxsin(wt−120∘)UC=Umaxsin(wt−120∘−120∘)=Umaxsin(wt+120∘)\begin{align*} U_A &= U_{max} \sin{wt} \\ \\ U_B &= U_{max} sin{(wt-{120}^\circ)} \\ \\ U_C &= U_{max} sin{(wt-{120}^\circ-{120}^\circ)} = U_{max} sin{(wt+{120}^\circ)} \end{align*}UA​UB​UC​​=Umax​sinwt=Umax​sin(wt−120∘)=Umax​sin(wt−120∘−120∘)=Umax​sin(wt+120∘)​

注:这里补点基础,电路的交流电表达式的相位不允许有 (−∞,−180∘)(-\infty, {-180}^\circ)(−∞,−180∘) or (180∘,+∞)({180}^\circ, +\infty)(180∘,+∞) 这种情况发生,而我们知道 sin⁡x\sin{x}sinx 的周期是 2π2 \pi2π,加减周期原函数值不变,所以 sin⁡(−240∘)=sin⁡(−240∘+360∘)=sin⁡(120∘)\sin(-240^\circ) = \sin(-240^\circ + 360^\circ) = \sin(120^\circ)sin(−240∘)=sin(−240∘+360∘)=sin(120∘)

把完全解析式写成向量形式,我们得到:

U˙A=U∠0∘U˙B=U∠−120∘U˙C=U∠120∘\begin{align*} \dot U_A &= U \angle{0^\circ} \\ \\ \dot U_B &= U \angle{-120^\circ} \\ \\ \dot U_C &= U \angle{120^\circ} \end{align*}U˙A​U˙B​U˙C​​=U∠0∘=U∠−120∘=U∠120∘​

把三个电压相加,模长 UUU 相同(有效电压相同),方向相反,交流电压相互抵消,合为零